Scopal reduction in parasitic Apidae. a, Hind leg of a cleptoparasitic species of Nomadinae, Triepeolus concavus (Cresson), showing complete lack of scopal hairs; b, c, Hind tibiae of the nonparasitic species of Allodapini, Braunsapis simillima (Smith), with sparse but functional scopal hairs, and of the social parasite B. breviceps (Cockerell), with the scopa reduced. a, Drawing by D. J. Brothers; b, c, from Reyes, 1991b. (source: Michener, 2007)